Creating a Smooth Curve Graphs with PHP and GD

Creating a Smooth Curve Graphs with PHP and GD

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Smooth Curve Graphs with PHP and GD

Smooth Curve Graphs with PHP and GD. Today I have new article for PHP. I will tell you about drawing graphs with GD. Plus – we will smooth our graph with curve lines using cubic splines interpolation method. You can read more about method at Wiki.

Live Demo

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download in package

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Now – download the source files and lets start coding !


Step 1. HTML

Here are HTML layout for our example page:

index.html

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en" >
    <head>
        <meta charset="utf-8" />
        <title>Smooth Curve Graphs with PHP and GD | Script Tutorials</title>
        <link href="css/main.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
    </head>
    <body>
        <div class="container">
            <img src="smooth_graph.php" alt="" />
        </div>
        <footer>
            <h2>Smooth Curve Graphs with PHP and GD</h2>
            <a href="https://www.script-tutorials.com/smooth-curve-graphs-with-php-and-gd/" class="stuts">Back to original tutorial on <span>Script Tutorials</span></a>
        </footer>
    </body>
</html>

Step 2. CSS

Now, lets define all used styles:

css/main.css

*{
    margin:0;
    padding:0;
}
body {
    background-repeat:no-repeat;
    background-color:#bababa;
    background-image: -webkit-radial-gradient(600px 200px, circle, #eee, #bababa 40%);
    background-image: -moz-radial-gradient(600px 200px, circle, #eee, #bababa 40%);
    background-image: -o-radial-gradient(600px 200px, circle, #eee, #bababa 40%);
    background-image: radial-gradient(600px 200px, circle, #eee, #bababa 40%);
    color:#fff;
    font:14px/1.3 Arial,sans-serif;
    min-height:600px;
}
footer {
    background-color:#212121;
    bottom:0;
    box-shadow: 0 -1px 2px #111111;
    display:block;
    height:70px;
    left:0;
    position:fixed;
    width:100%;
    z-index:100;
}
footer h2{
    font-size:22px;
    font-weight:normal;
    left:50%;
    margin-left:-400px;
    padding:22px 0;
    position:absolute;
    width:540px;
}
footer a.stuts,a.stuts:visited{
    border:none;
    text-decoration:none;
    color:#fcfcfc;
    font-size:14px;
    left:50%;
    line-height:31px;
    margin:23px 0 0 110px;
    position:absolute;
    top:0;
}
footer .stuts span {
    font-size:22px;
    font-weight:bold;
    margin-left:5px;
}
.container {
    border:3px #111 solid;
    margin:20px auto;
    padding:20px;
    position:relative;
    width:550px;
    height:430px;
    border-radius:15px;
    -moz-border-radius:15px;
    -webkit-border-radius:15px;
}

And first step and second – not very important of course, most important will now:

Step 3. PHP

This is our image generator (of graph):

smooth_graph.php

<?php
set_time_limit(100);
define('GRAPH_WIDTH',  500);
define('GRAPH_HEIGHT', 400);
include_once ('classes/Plot.php');
include_once ('classes/CubicSplines.php');
$iPoints = 15;
$dx = (GRAPH_WIDTH - 40) / ($iPoints - 1);
$x = 20;
for ($i = 0; $i < $iPoints; $i++) {
    $y = rand(20, GRAPH_HEIGHT - 20);
    $aCoords[$x] = $y;
    $x+= $dx;
}
$vImagegHeight = GRAPH_HEIGHT + 30;
$vImage = imagecreatetruecolor(GRAPH_WIDTH + 50, $vImagegHeight);
$vBgColor = imagecolorallocate($vImage, 160, 160, 160);
$vTextColor = imagecolorallocate($vImage, 0, 0, 0);
$vAxisColor = imagecolorallocate($vImage, 0, 0, 0);
$vDotColor  = imagecolorallocate($vImage, 192, 64, 64);
imagefill($vImage, 0, 0, $vBgColor);
$oPlot = new Plot($aCoords);
$oPlot->drawDots($vImage, $vDotColor, 10, GRAPH_HEIGHT, 8);
$oCurve = new CubicSplines();
$vColor = imagecolorallocate($vImage, 225, 64, 64);
$iStart = microtime(1);
if ($oCurve) {
    $oCurve->setInitCoords($aCoords, 1);
    $r = $oCurve->processCoords();
    if ($r)
        $curveGraph = new Plot($r);
    else
        continue;
} else {
    $curveGraph = $oPlot;
}
$curveGraph->drawLine($vImage, $vColor, 10, GRAPH_HEIGHT);
// unset($oCurve);
$sTime = sprintf("%1.4f", microtime(1) - $iStart);
imagefilledrectangle($vImage, 0, GRAPH_HEIGHT, GRAPH_WIDTH + 50, $vImagegHeight, $vBgColor);
$oPlot->drawAxis($vImage, $vAxisColor, 10, GRAPH_HEIGHT);
$iPanelY = GRAPH_HEIGHT;
imagefilledrectangle($vImage, 10, $iPanelY + 10, 20, $iPanelY + 20, $vColor);
imagerectangle($vImage, 10, $iPanelY + 10, 20, $iPanelY + 20, $vAxisColor);
imagettftext($vImage, 10, 0, 30, $iPanelY + 20, $vTextColor, 'Ds-digib.ttf', 'Cubic splines in PHP for graphs:         ' . $sTime . ' sec');
header("Content-type: image/png");
imagepng($vImage);
imagedestroy($vImage);
?>

In this file I using 2 another classes (as separated service classes):

classes/Plot.php

<?php
class Plot {
    private $aCoords;
    function __construct(&$aCoords) {
        $this->aCoords = &$aCoords;
    }
    public function drawLine($vImage, $vColor, $iPosX = 0, $iPosY = false) {
        if ($iPosY === false)
            $iPosY = imagesy($vImage);
        reset($this->aCoords);
        list($iPrevX, $iPrevY) = each($this->aCoords);
        while (list ($x, $y) = each($this->aCoords)) {
            imageline($vImage, $iPosX + round($iPrevX), $iPosY - round($iPrevY), $iPosX + round($x), $iPosY - round($y), $vColor);
            $iPrevX = $x;
            $iPrevY = $y;
        }
    }
    public function drawDots($vImage, $vColor, $iPosX = 0, $iPosY = false, $iDotSize = 1) {
        if ($iPosY === false)
            $iPosY = imagesy($vImage);
        $vBorderColor = imagecolorallocate($vImage, 0, 0, 0);
        foreach ($this->aCoords as $x => $y) {
            imagefilledellipse($vImage, $iPosX + round($x), $iPosY - round($y), $iDotSize, $iDotSize, $vColor);
            imageellipse($vImage, $iPosX + round($x), $iPosY - round($y), $iDotSize, $iDotSize, $vBorderColor);
        }
    }
    public function drawAxis($vImage, $vColor, $iPosX = 0, $iPosY = false) {
        if ($iPosY === false)
            $iPosY = imagesy($vImage);
        $vImageWidth = imagesx($vImage);
        imageline($vImage, $iPosX, $iPosY, $iPosX, 0, $vColor);
        imageline($vImage, $iPosX, $iPosY, $vImageWidth, $iPosY, $vColor);
        imagefilledpolygon($vImage, array($iPosX, 0, $iPosX - 3, 5, $iPosX + 3, 5), 3, $vColor);
        imagefilledpolygon($vImage, array($vImageWidth, $iPosY, $vImageWidth - 5, $iPosY - 3, $vImageWidth - 5, $iPosY + 3), 3, $vColor);
    }
}
?>

and classes/CubicSplines.php

<?php
class CubicSplines {
    protected $aCoords;
    protected $aCrdX;
    protected $aCrdY;
    protected $aSplines = array();
    protected $iMinX;
    protected $iMaxX;
    protected $iStep;
    protected function prepareCoords(&$aCoords, $iStep, $iMinX = -1, $iMaxX = -1) {
        $this->aCrdX = array();
        $this->aCrdY = array();
        $this->aCoords = array();
        ksort($aCoords);
        foreach ($aCoords as $x => $y) {
            $this->aCrdX[] = $x;
            $this->aCrdY[] = $y;
        }
        $this->iMinX = $iMinX;
        $this->iMaxX = $iMaxX;
        if ($this->iMinX == -1)
            $this->iMinX = min($this->aCrdX);
        if ($this->iMaxX == -1)
            $this->iMaxX = max($this->aCrdX);
        $this->iStep = $iStep;
    }
    public function setInitCoords(&$aCoords, $iStep = 1, $iMinX = -1, $iMaxX = -1) {
        $this->aSplines = array();
        if (count($aCoords) < 4) {
            return false;
        }
        $this->prepareCoords($aCoords, $iStep, $iMinX, $iMaxX);
        $this->buildSpline($this->aCrdX, $this->aCrdY, count($this->aCrdX));
    }
    public function processCoords() {
        for ($x = $this->iMinX; $x <= $this->iMaxX; $x += $this->iStep) {
            $this->aCoords[$x] = $this->funcInterp($x);
        }
        return $this->aCoords;
    }
    private function buildSpline($x, $y, $n) {
        for ($i = 0; $i < $n; ++$i) {
            $this->aSplines[$i]['x'] = $x[$i];
            $this->aSplines[$i]['a'] = $y[$i];
        }
        $this->aSplines[0]['c'] = $this->aSplines[$n - 1]['c'] = 0;
        $alpha[0] = $beta[0] = 0;
        for ($i = 1; $i < $n - 1; ++$i) {
            $h_i = $x[$i] - $x[$i - 1];
            $h_i1 = $x[$i + 1] - $x[$i];
            $A = $h_i;
            $C = 2.0 * ($h_i + $h_i1);
            $B = $h_i1;
            $F = 6.0 * (($y[$i + 1] - $y[$i]) / $h_i1 - ($y[$i] - $y[$i - 1]) / $h_i);
            $z = ($A * $alpha[$i - 1] + $C);
            $alpha[$i] = - $B / $z;
            $beta[$i] = ($F - $A * $beta[$i - 1]) / $z;
        }
        for ($i = $n - 2; $i > 0; --$i) {
            $this->aSplines[$i]['c'] = $alpha[$i] * $this->aSplines[$i + 1]['c'] + $beta[$i];
        }
        for ($i = $n - 1; $i > 0; --$i) {
            $h_i = $x[$i] - $x[$i - 1];
            $this->aSplines[$i]['d'] = ($this->aSplines[$i]['c'] - $this->aSplines[$i - 1]['c']) / $h_i;
            $this->aSplines[$i]['b'] = $h_i * (2.0 * $this->aSplines[$i]['c'] + $this->aSplines[$i - 1]['c']) / 6.0 + ($y[$i] - $y[$i - 1]) / $h_i;
        }
    }
    private function funcInterp($x) {
        $n = count($this->aSplines);
        if ($x <= $this->aSplines[0]['x'])  {
            $s = $this->aSplines[1];
        } else {
            if ($x >= $this->aSplines[$n - 1]['x']) {
                $s = $this->aSplines[$n - 1];
            } else {
                $i = 0;
                $j = $n - 1;
                while ($i + 1 < $j) {
                    $k = $i + ($j - $i) / 2;
                    if ($x <= $this->aSplines[$k]['x']) {
                        $j = $k;
                    } else {
                        $i = $k;
                    }
                }
                $s = $this->aSplines[$j];
            }
        }
        $dx = ($x - $s['x']);
        return $s['a'] + ($s['b'] + ($s['c'] / 2.0 + $s['d'] * $dx / 6.0) * $dx) * $dx;
    }
}
?>

Live Demo

Conclusion

I hope that you got interesting lesson for today. Good luck in your work!

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7 COMMENTS

    • Hello Abhinav Pandey,

      Then – firstly you should prepare some form for input initial values, secondly – add PHP code for accepting these values.
      You need to fill $aCoords array with these coordinates. And – finally – draw results.

    • Have look at this example:
      function imagelinethick($image, $x1, $y1, $x2, $y2, $color, $thick = 1)
      {
      /* this way it works well only for orthogonal lines
      imagesetthickness($image, $thick);
      return imageline($image, $x1, $y1, $x2, $y2, $color);
      */
      if ($thick == 1) {
      return imageline($image, $x1, $y1, $x2, $y2, $color);
      }
      $t = $thick / 2 – 0.5;
      if ($x1 == $x2 || $y1 == $y2) {
      return imagefilledrectangle($image, round(min($x1, $x2) – $t), round(min($y1, $y2) – $t), round(max($x1, $x2) + $t), round(max($y1, $y2) + $t), $color);
      }
      $k = ($y2 – $y1) / ($x2 – $x1); //y = kx + q
      $a = $t / sqrt(1 + pow($k, 2));
      $points = array(
      round($x1 – (1+$k)*$a), round($y1 + (1-$k)*$a),
      round($x1 – (1-$k)*$a), round($y1 – (1+$k)*$a),
      round($x2 + (1+$k)*$a), round($y2 – (1-$k)*$a),
      round($x2 + (1-$k)*$a), round($y2 + (1+$k)*$a),
      );
      imagefilledpolygon($image, $points, 4, $color);
      return imagepolygon($image, $points, 4, $color);
      }

      Basically, you can substitute the ‘imageline’ function to the ‘imagelinethick’ function.

  1. Nice Tutorial,

    Can you please let me know how I would add a colour to the bottom part of the curve.

    Thanks

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